Direct Quote

Verified 18 February 2025 - Directorate for Legal and Administrative Information (Prime Minister)

You are personally the victim of a infringement and you want the alleged perpetrator to be summoned directly before the criminal court or the police court? We explain when to use a quotation direct and the steps to follow.

You've been directly cited before the correctional court or the police court and you wonder what's going to happen? We explain how the procedure works, your rights and obligations.

You want to quote someone

To assure the person you are quoting a fair trial, you must follow certain rules.

Warning  

Only the victim having personally has suffered damage directly caused by the offense may use the direct citation to bring the matter before the police court or the correctional court. The victim can be a natural person or a legal person.

Step-by-step approach

What is a direct quote?

Direct quotation is one way of referral a criminal court.

Direct citation allows you, as a victim of an offense, to go directly to a criminal court.

The trial can take place even without a thorough investigation by the police or gendarmerie.

You must therefore be able to present sufficient evidence against the alleged perpetrator to the criminal court.

This procedure is possible only against an identified person, the suspected offender must be known. A direct referral to a criminal court against an unnamed person (against X) is therefore not possible.

The perpetrator, if convicted by the court, may be sentenced to imprisonment and/or a fine and may be required to compensate you if you seek compensation. damages.

Which offenses are covered by a direct quotation?

Only the contraventions and offenses may be directly quoted.

Direct quoting is particularly suitable for simple cases. For example: offenses of violence, abandonment of family, theft or degradation, in relation to the press.

Who can be directly summoned before a criminal court?

Only the natural persons major and legal persons may be directly summoned before a criminal court.

In order for the alleged perpetrator to be validly summoned before the criminal court, you must cite him. That is to say, to bring to his attention, in a certain way, the facts you criticize him for.

To do this, you must first write a citation request that must follow certain rules.

That request for a summons shall set out all the elements necessary for a summons to be drawn up by a Commissioner of Justice (formerly bailiff).

Your citation request must include the following information:

  • Identity and address of the Commissioner of Justice who you're going to ask to deliver the quote to.
  • Your identity
    If you are a natural person, the quotation must specify your surnames, first names, profession and domicile. Your domicile must be within the jurisdiction, i.e. the geographical jurisdiction of the court seised. If not, you must choose domicile within the jurisdiction of the court seised. To do so, you must reside with a third party or with your lawyer with their written consent.
    If you are a legal person, the quotation must specify your form (SA, SARL, ...), your name (your name), your registered office (your address) and the body which will legally represents.
  • Identity of the person cited
    The citation must state his marital status and the fact that he is " defendant ”.
    If the accused is a natural person, you must specify his name, first name and address.
    If the defendant is a legal person, you must indicate his name (name) and registered office (address). You can also indicate that the legal person is being sued in the person of its legal representative at the time of the lawsuit.
  • Identification of the civilian responsible or the witness
    If you decide to quote a civilly liable or a witness, you must also specify that they are “civilly responsible” or “witness”, as well as their surname, first name and address.
    When you summon a witness, you must add the caveat that non-appearance, refusal to testify, and false testimony are punishable by law.
  • Identification of the audience
    The summons must indicate the court seised, the place of the court (its address and possibly the room), the time and date of the hearing (first, leave this part unindicated and wait until you have had the date of the hearing by the Criminal Hearing Registry by submitting your draft request for a summons).
  • Statement of the infringement
    The accused person has the right to be informed of the charges against him or her in order to defend himself or herself.
    The citation must state the fact being prosecuted and refer to the applicable law.
    The statement of the offense must be as clear and precise as possible and indicate the place and date of the offense.
  • Right to legal assistance
    The summons must state that the accused may be assisted by a lawyer of his choice or, if he so requests, by a lawyer appointed by the court. The summons must state that he will be responsible for legal fees unless he meets the conditions for access to legal aid.
    The summons must also state that the accused has the possibility to receive legal advice in a structure of access to the law.
  • Warning regarding the defendant's proof of income
    The summons must inform the defendant that he must appear in possession of the proof of his income, and his tax or non-tax notices. The summons must inform him that he may also communicate them to the lawyer representing him.
  • Financial impact of failure to appear
    The summons must inform the defendant that the fixed procedural right due in the event of conviction before the correctional court shall be increased. If he does not appear in person or is not represented by his lawyer, the surcharge applies (€254 instead of €127).
  • Evidence of guilt of the perpetrator
    It is up to you to prove the defendant’s guilt by indicating the elements of evidence which you wish to raise before the court.
    This evidence can take different forms, including photos, videos, testimonies, screenshots, bailiff's notes, handrails and any useful documents proving your claims.
  • Description of the damage suffered and evidence thereof
    You must indicate the type of damage suffered (moral and/or material and/or personal) and quantify the amount of this damage. The final assessment of this prejudice may be indicated at the hearing.
    You must also indicate all documents proving or attesting to the harm you have suffered or are still suffering: medical certificates, invoices, testimonies...
  • Date and signature of the person quoting
    You must date and sign the request for a summons that will be given to the Commissioner of Justice. If you have a lawyer present and he writes the quote, he will sign it.

You must then send the citation request to the criminal hearing department to obtain a hearing date.

For the drafting of the citation request and the procedure before the correctional or police court, you can get help from a lawyer.

Who shall I contact

Before sending your request for a summons to the Commissioner of Justice, you must obtain the date of the hearing on which you will be able to summon the alleged perpetrator.

This hearing date shall be applied to the competent court.

The court of jurisdiction shall be that of the place where the offense was committed or of the domicile of the person complained of.

Who shall I contact

Once the court of competent jurisdiction has been identified, you must contact the criminal hearing service which is a service of the public prosecutor.

You can send your request by mail or by email with your draft request for quotation as an attachment. But each floor can have a different practice, it is recommended to inquire by email or phone before.

Once the hearing date has been obtained, you must include in your draft application for a summons the court seised, the place, time and date of the hearing.

You can now refer to the appropriate Commissioner of Justice your request for quotation accompanied by a voucher of coins and all your evidence.

The voucher must contain a list of all the evidence you refer to in your request for a quotation.

This step is essential in order to respect the principle of adversarial procedure and to enable the accused person to be aware of what he has criticized and to defend himself.

You have to go to a commissioner of justice to get your quote.

The competent Commissioner of Justice shall be that of the domicile of the respondent.

If the respondent is a legal person, the appropriate Commissioner of Justice is the Commissioner of the registered office of the legal person.

You have to pay the costs of the Commissioner of Justice. You will be able to claim reimbursement in court if the accused person is convicted.

If the defendant is not correctly quoted, you will need to have the quote handed to him again.

Search for the defendant and deliver the quote

Request for quotation shall be handed over to the alleged offender by a commissioner of justice.

The Commissioner of Justice must execute your request for a summons without delay and make every effort to issue the summons to the person of its addressee.

The Commissioner of Justice must state on the original of his summons, and in the form of minutes, the company steps taken to deliver the summons and the answers given to his various requests.

The summons may be issued to the accused in all places, including at the workplace.

In any case, the commissioner of justice must ascertain the identity of the person to whom he or she is giving the summons.

These rules apply to natural and legal persons. The domicile of legal persons shall be their registered office.

In the absence of the accused person at his home, the Commissioner of Justice must carry out various diligencies in order for the document to be considered as validly surrendered. The same applies if the domicile or residence of the addressee of the summons is unknown.

The Commissioner of Justice must then indicate in his act the capacity declared by the person to whom he gives the summons.

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Surrender to a relative

If the recipient is absent from his home, a copy of the summons may be given to one of his parents, allied, an employee or a person residing at his or her home.

The Commissioner of Justice must indicate in his delivery report the link between the person to whom he has given the summons and the addressee.

He must immediately inform the recipient of this delivery by registered letter with notice of receipt. He can also send him a copy of the quotation by simple letter asking him to acknowledge receipt by receipt. This receipt is to be sent back by mail or to be tabled for the consideration of the Commissioner of Justice.

The signature of the notice of receipt or receipt shall have the same legal value as a hand-over by the Commissioner of Justice.

Impossibility of handing over to a relative

If the Commissioner of Justice does not find anyone at the recipient's home, he immediately checks the accuracy of the recipient's home.

Where the address indicated is the address of the consignee, he shall inform him by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt that a summons is to be withdrawn from his study.

If the recipient withdraws the citation under consideration, the delivery of the citation is considered to have been made on the day of the withdrawal.

If the addressee does not withdraw the summons under consideration by the Commissioner of Justice, the signature of the notice of receipt has the same legal value as a hand-delivered.

The Commissioner of Justice may also send the recipient a copy of the quotation by simple letter.

He may finally leave the addressee with a transit notice inviting him to attend his study in order to remove a copy of the quotation. When the commissioner of justice leaves him a notice of passage, he sends him a simple letter to warn him.

The copy and notice of transit shall be accompanied by a receipt which the consignee shall sign and return or deposit for examination.

In this case, the delivery date is the date on which the recipient signed the receipt. If the recipient has not returned the receipt, the Commissioner of Justice will have to make a second shipment by registered mail with acknowledgement of receipt.

Unknown home

If, despite the investigations of the Commissioner of Justice, the recipient is without domicile or residence if known, he must give a copy of the citation to the parquet floor of the court seised.

This allows the addressee to be tried by default, that is to say to be tried in his absence since he was not aware of the summons and is absent from the hearing. Being judged by default gives her a remedy which is the opposition.

Timeliness of citations prior to hearing

The summons must be delivered within a certain period of time before the hearing. This period varies according to the domicile of the accused person and the place of trial.

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Residence in the metropolis

Trials in Metropolitan France

The citation must be issued at least 10 days before the hearing if the addressee is resident in mainland France.

Trials in an overseas department

The citation must be issued at least 1 month and 10 days before the hearing.

Overseas residence

Trials in the same overseas department

The citation must be issued at least 10 days before the hearing.

Trials in another overseas department or in mainland France

The citation must be issued at least 1 month and 10 days before the hearing.

Residence abroad

The time limit differs if the accused person resides in an EU countryEuropean Union or not.

In a European Union country

The citation must be issued at least 1 month and 10 days before the hearing.

In another country

The citation must be issued at least 2 months and 10 days before the hearing.

Once the summons has been issued to the accused, the Commissioner of Justice will give you an original of the summons.

This act, called “feat”, relates the research and the steps that the Commissioner of Justice has taken to submit your request for a citation.

This citation exploit must be delivered, without delay, to criminal hearing service, which is called the criminal hearing registry. This service will record your direct quote and build the criminal record.

It may be useful to keep a copy of the bailiff’s exploit before it is handed over to the Registry.

Depending on your situation, there are several possibilities.

Completing the criminal file

If the prosecution is based on a procedure filed without further action at the public prosecutor’s office, you can request a copy of this procedure to be attached to the criminal file.

You must do so early enough to request the issuance of this copy. Delays in issuing a copy vary from one court to another and can sometimes be lengthy.

This copy of the proceedings must be accessible to the accused and/or his lawyer in order to respect the principle of adversarial proceedings.

If you obtain a copy of the procedure prior to issuing the citation, you must attach it to your citation request and indicate it in your voucher.

If you obtain a copy of the proceedings after the summons has been issued, you must send a copy of the closed proceedings to the Criminal Hearing Registry.

The copy of the proceedings will be stored in the criminal file, which will be accessible to the accused or his lawyer, if they so request.

To make a request for an act

As a party to the trial, you may request, prior to the hearing or at any time during the proceedings, any action you consider necessary to establish the truth. The requested act may be, for example, an expert's report, a witness hearing, the production of documents.

This request for an act must take the form of conclusions written and may be sent before the start of the hearing. In this case, it is compulsory to send them by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt or to hand them over to the court registry against receipt.

Preparing for a deposit

Since you are the one who prosecutes, the case is only heard if a first hearing is held on the consignment, i.e. the payment of a sum of money.

This amount of money guarantees the eventual payment of a civil fine.

If you do not have legal aid in total, this deposit is set according to your resources by the court. It is therefore very important to send your proof of income by mail, post or deposit to the Registry a few days before the hearing or at the latest on the day of the hearing.

If you are a for-profit corporation, you must file your balance sheet and income statement with the court to allow the court to determine the amount of the deposit. In the absence of these documents, your direct quotation will not be admissible.

Please note

Where the direct summons is issued pursuant to an order of the examining magistrate of refusal to inform, you do not need to remit a deposit.

At the first hearing, the court may ask you to pay a deposit. It tells you the amount and the deadline by which you must deposit the deposit at the registry. You must meet the deadlines very precisely, otherwise your direct quotation will not be admissible.

Your file is then sent back to another hearing pending payment of the deposit.

Once you have paid the deposit on time, you get the quality of civil party in the procedure.

Warning  

Once you have become a civil party, you must appear or be represented at each hearing by a lawyer. Otherwise, you are deemed to be withdrawing from your incorporation as a civil party.

In this case, the court will issue a judgment finding your alleged discontinuance. The defendant may seek damages for abuse of the constitution of a civil party.

The rest of the trial is a classic criminal trial before the police court for a ticket or the criminal court for an offense.

Lawyer's fees

If you decide to seek legal assistance, it is up to you to settle your fees.

If you are under-resourced, you can benefit from legal aid to cover all or part of the costs of legal representation.

Expenses of the Commissioner of Justice

It is up to you to pay the costs of the Commissioner of Justice to issue the direct quotation.

For the issue of this citation, the Commissioners of Justice are allocated a lump sum, which may be added to their application fees and any travel expenses.

If you have obtained legal aid to pay the costs of the Commissioner of Justice, they will be borne by the State.

If you win the trial, you can ask to be reimbursed for the costs of the Commissioner of Justice by the convicted person. In this case, it is necessary to indicate, with your claim for damages, the sums you wish to be reimbursed for the expenses of the Commissioner of Justice.

Consignment costs and civil fine

Before the correctional or police court, the judge may ask you to pay a deposit, unless you are receiving legal aid.

This deposit is used to secure payment of the civil fine which may be pronounced in the case of direct quotations abusive or dilatory.

Warning  

If the court issues a relaxation, and if it considers that the direct summons was abusive or dilatory, it may order the civil party to pay a civil fine.

The sentence to a civil fine shall be made at the request of the public prosecutor.

The amount of that civil fine may not exceed €15,000.

Damages claimed by the person complained against

If you or your lawyer are absent from the hearing, the court will issue a judgment declaring your alleged withdrawal. The accused may then request damages.

If the accused is granted relaxation, he can ask the court to order you to pay damages.

You're quoted

As an alleged perpetrator, you can be directly summoned before a correctional or police court. This possibility is open by law to the victim of an offense, public prosecutor or certain authorities authorized by law.

To guarantee you a fair trialHowever, this procedure must comply with certain rules.

Step-by-step approach

What is a direct quote?

Direct quotation is one way of referral a criminal court.

It allows the victim of an offense to public prosecutor or any administration empowered by law, to bring an action directly before a criminal court by summoning you before it.

To do this, the person who wishes to quote you will write a request for quote, named summons, which it will pass on to a Commissioner of Justice. He then issues you the quotation by mentioning the steps he has taken to give it to you. The document recording such remission shall be called a " feat ”.

The trial can take place even without a thorough investigation by the police or gendarmerie.

The person quoting you must be able to present sufficient evidence against you in the criminal court.

You may be sentenced to imprisonment and/or a fine and may pay damages.

Which offenses are covered by a direct quotation?

Only the contraventions and offenses may be directly quoted.

The direct quotation is adapted to simple cases (violence, abandonment of family, theft, degradation...), but also to cases where the respondent could not be heard or resides abroad.

It can also be used for certain complex or technical disputes. This is the case when the infringement is reported by the tax authorities (tax evasion). This is also the case for offenses detected by environmental officers the French Biodiversity Office or by customs officers. For example, water pollution, protection of natural areas, regulation of hunting and fishing, dumping of garbage, counterfeiting of goods or offenses relating to the importation of tobacco into France.

Who can be directly summoned before a criminal court?

Only the natural persons major and legal persons may be directly summoned before a criminal court.

The neckthe justice commissioner must do everything in his power to deliver you the summons in person.

If you are a legal entity, the quotation must be given to your legal representative.

The quote can be issued to you in any place, including your workplace.

In case of absence from your home, several situations are possible. The rules below apply whether you are a natural person or a legal entity. The domicile of the legal person is its registered office.

In all cases, the Commissioner of Justice must ascertain the identity of the person to whom the summons is issued.

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Surrender to a relative

If you are away from home, a copy of the quote can be given to one of your parents. allied, an employee or a person residing at your home.

The Commissioner of Justice must indicate, in his or her statement of surrender, the relationship between the person to whom he or she has surrendered the summons and you.

He must inform you immediately of this delivery by registered letter with notice of receipt. He or she may also send you a copy of the quotation by simple letter asking you to acknowledge receipt by receipt. This receipt is to be sent back by mail or to be tabled for the consideration of the Commissioner of Justice.

The signature of the notice of receipt or receipt shall have the same legal value as a hand-over by the Commissioner of Justice.

Impossibility of handing over to a relative

If the Commissioner of Justice cannot find anyone at your home, he immediately checks the accuracy of your home.

When the indicated address is yours, he informs you by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt that a summons is to be removed from his study.

If you withdraw the citation under review, the citation is deemed to have been delivered on the day of the withdrawal.

If you do not withdraw the citation under consideration by the Commissioner of Justice, the signature of the notice of receipt has the same legal value as a hand-over.

The Commissioner of Justice may also send you a copy of the quotation by simple letter.

He or she may leave a notice of passage inviting you to attend his or her study in order to remove a copy of the quotation. When the Commissioner of Justice leaves you a notice of passage, he sends you a simple letter to warn you.

The copy and notice of transit are accompanied by a receipt that you must sign and return or deposit for study.

In this case, the delivery date is the date you signed the receipt. If you have not returned the receipt, the Commissioner of Justice will have to make a second shipment by registered mail with acknowledgement of receipt.

Unknown home

If, despite the Commissioner of Justice's research, you are without domicile or residence the Commissioner of Justice must provide a copy of the citation to the parquet floor of the court seised.

You will be judged by default, that is, you were not aware of the summons and you are absent from the hearing. Being judged by default opens up a remedy additional which is theopposition.

FYI  

If the public prosecutor finds that you are homeless or have no residence in the case file, he draws up a statement that is equivalent to a summons to the public prosecutor. In this case, he will not take a commissioner of justice to give you a quote and you will be tried by default.

In order to be valid, the document quoting you must contain certain particulars and be issued within a certain period before the hearing.

Respect of the citation mentions

If you are validly summoned before a criminal court as a person suspected of an offense, you take the status of " defendant ”.

The quotation provided to you must contain certain references to be valid.

However, the quotation is not automatically void if certain references are missing or incomplete. It is up to you to show the court that the absence of a reference in your quotation has had the effect of prejudicing your interests. You have to raise that element, which is called a plea of invalidityat the beginning of the hearing, before any defense on the merits.

Your quote should include the following:

  • Identity and address of the Commissioner of Justice who gave you the citation
  • Identification of the party that quotes you: civil party, Prosecutor of the Republic, administration empowered by law
    If it is a natural person, the quotation must specify his or her surnames, first names, profession and actual domicile or domicile elected.
    If it's a legal person, the quotation must specify its form (SA, SARL, ...), name (name), registered office (address) and the body legally representing it (its representative).
  • Your identification as a defendant
    The citation must state your marital status and the fact that you are " defendant ”.
    If you are a natural person, your full name and address must be specified.
    If you are a legal entity, your name (your name) and your registered office (your address) must be provided.
  • Identification of the civilian responsible or the witness
    If you are quoted as civilly liable or witness, your marital status (surname, forenames, address) must appear on the citation. The fact that you are “civilly liable” or “witness” must also be indicated.
    The summons issued to a witness must include a warning that non-appearance, refusal to testify and false testimony are punishable by law.
  • Identification of the audience
    The summons must indicate the court seised, the place of the court (its address and possibly the room), the time and the date of the hearing.
  • Statement of the infringement
    You have the right, as an accused person, to be informed of the charges against you. The citation must state the fact being prosecuted and must refer to the law against those facts.
  • Right to legal assistance
    The citation should state that you can have a lawyer of your choice assist you or, if you request it, a lawyer appointed by the court. The costs of the court-appointed lawyer will be borne by you unless you meet the conditions for access to legal aid.
    The quotation must also indicate that you have the possibility to receive, where appropriate free of charge, legal advice in a structure for access to the law.
  • Warning about your income tax receipts
    The summons must inform you that you must appear at the hearing with proof of your income, tax or non-tax notices. You can share all of these documents with the lawyer representing you so that they can be forwarded to the court.
  • Financial impact of not appearing
    The quotation should inform you that the fixed procedural right due on conviction before the correctional court may be increased. If you do not appear personally or if you are not represented by a lawyer with a representation warrant, the surcharge applies (€254 instead of €127). This mandate takes the form of a letter you send to the court. In this letter, you ask to be tried in your absence, by being represented by the lawyer you have chosen or by a lawyer appointed by the court.
  • Date and signature of the person quoting you
    The request for a summons must be dated and signed by the person who asked the Commissioner of Justice to quote you. This person may be the victim, the public prosecutor, an administration. If the victim’s lawyer wrote the request for a summons, he or she signs it.

Timeliness of citations prior to hearing

The summons must be issued within a certain period of time before the hearing. It varies according to your domicile and the location of the trial.

You live in the mainland

Trials in Metropolitan France

The citation must be issued at least 10 days before the hearing if you live in the mainland.

Trials in an overseas department

The citation must be issued at least 1 month and 10 days before the hearing.

You live overseas

Trials in the same overseas department

The citation must be issued at least 10 days before the hearing.

Trials in another overseas department or in mainland France

The citation must be issued at least 1 month and 10 days before the hearing.

You reside abroad

The deadline is different if you live in an EU countryEuropean Union or not.

You reside in a European Union country

The citation must be issued at least 1 month and 10 days before the hearing.

You reside in another country

The citation must be issued at least 2 months and 10 days before the hearing.

FYI  

If the summons has not been issued to you within the specified time, and you do not attend the hearing, the summons must be declared void by the court.

If you go to court, the summons is not void, but the court must, on your request, order the matter to be referred to a later hearing. This request for referral must be made at the outset of the hearing, before any defense on the merits is made.

Choosing or not to have a lawyer assist you

As mentioned in your citation, you have the option of having a lawyer present to you before the criminal court.

Depending on your resources, you can request a legal aid who will cover your legal expenses.

If you choose to defend yourself, you must provide any document that enables the court to determine your discharge.

Have access to your criminal record

To defend yourself, you need access to your criminal record.

If you have a lawyer, as soon as the summons is issued, the lawyer can consult the record of the proceedings in the graft the police court or the criminal hearing registry. Your lawyer may also request a copy of the criminal record.

If you don't have a lawyer, you can request a copy of your criminal record.

Simply send a letter to the public prosecutor of the court that quoted you (information in the quote that was issued to you).

Do not forget to attach a proof of identity and indicate the references of the file (also to be found in the quote that was issued).

Who shall I contact

Your file can be submitted to you in digital form or in paper format.

The issue of the first copy of each coin is free of charge.

Making requests for action

As a party to the trial, you may request, prior to the hearing or at any time during the proceedings, any action you consider necessary to establish the truth. The requested act may be, for example, an expert's report, a witness hearing, the production of documents.

This request for an act must take the form of conclusions written and may be sent before the start of the hearing. In this case, it is compulsory to send them by registered letter with acknowledgement of receipt or to hand them over to the court registry against receipt.

You must appear personally at any hearing with your lawyer if you have decided to choose one.

If you are not appearing personally, you must be represented by a lawyer with a representation warrant. This mandate takes the form of a letter you send to the court. In this letter you ask to be tried in your absence, by being represented by the lawyer you have chosen or by a lawyer appointed by the court.

If the summons was not issued within the time limit, you can ask the court to refer your case to a later hearing. This request must be made before any defense is made to the substance, that is to say as soon as you are called and after you have given your identity.

If you find that your citation does not contain certain indications or was not issued within the time limit, you can ask the court to declare the citation invalid. This application for a declaration of invalidity must be made prior to any defense to the merits and you must show that the error has had the effect of prejudicing your interests.

If the summons is valid, the trial is conducted as a classic criminal trial before the court police court for a ticket or the criminal court for an offense.

Lawyers' fees

If you choose to have a lawyer assist you, you will have to pay your fees.

If you are under-resourced, you can benefit from legal aid to cover all or part of your legal expenses.

Fixed procedural rights in the event of conviction

If convicted, you will have to pay the fixed procedural rights following:

  • Trial before a police court: €62,
  • Trial before a criminal court: €254.

Warning  

If you do not appear personally or if your lawyer appears without a representation warrant, the fixed procedural rights before the correctional court are increased to €508.

Fines and damages in case of conviction

If you are convicted by the criminal court, you may be required to settle a fine to the Public Treasury or damages victims who have formed civil parties.

Who can help me?

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